BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY is an important subject for all the boards examinations and medical competitive exams like NEET. CBSE SOLUTIONS is providing free chemistry ncert-solutions to all of you. Since NCERT is the base to all the examinations, CBSE SOLUTIONS is providing you the best material to stronger the base for your exams and ace all those exams.
“Biology is the study of complicated things that give the appearance of having been designed for a purpose.”
– RICHARD DAWKINS
CHAPTERS
1. Reproduction in Organisms
2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
3. Human Reproduction
4. Reproductive Health
5.Principles of Inheritance and Variation
6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
7. Evolution
8. Human Health and Disease
9. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
10. Microbes in Human Welfare
11. Biotechnology:Principles And Processes
12. Biotechnology and its Applications
13. Organisms and Populations
14.. Ecosystem
15.Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Issues
Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms
In this chapter, we will learn about types, modes and the process of reproduction in different organisms.The subtopics covered in this chapter include asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, pre-fertilization events, fertilization, and post-fertilization events. Well illustrated diagrams are also present which makes the learning easy for the students and helps them understand the topic thoroughly.
Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
This chapter is a combination of four chapters and holds a weightage of fourteen marks in 12 board examination.In this chapter, we will learn about the structure, morphology, and process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Also, the subtopics covered in this chapter include pre-fertilization events, double fertilization, post fertilization events and the knowledge about apomixis and polyembryony.
Chapter 3 Human Reproduction
In this chapter, we will learn about the human male and female reproductive system. Diagrams, illustrations, flowcharts, and easy language makes this chapter comprehensive and easy to learn. Moreover, the sequential progress of the topics helps us retain and grasp better.
The sub topics covered in this chapter are-
- Reproductive structures,
- Male reproductive systems,
- Female reproductive systems,
- The role of sex hormones,
- Gametogenesis,
- Spermatogenesis and more introductory topics of human reproduction.
CHAPTER 4 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
This chapter explains the issues of the significance of reproductive health and the methods to achieve it. It also focuses on maternal health and the health of the child during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and post-pregnancy periods.Infant mortality maternal mortality and amniocentesis are other topics covered here.
The subtopics covered in this chapter are:
- Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies
- Population Explosion and Birth Control
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Infertility.
CHAPTER 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
The chapter basically gives knowledge about Genetics and Evolution, Similarity and variation between the parents and offsprings are discussed in this chapter.Mendel”s law of inheritance, the inheritance of one gene, the inheritance of two genes, sex determination, mutations, and genetic disorders are main topics discussed here.
CHAPTER 6 Molecular basis of inheritance
In this chapter, very simplified diagrams are given to understand all the structures of DNA,RNA, the process of replication, etc.
The topics covered in this chapter are:
- The DNA: Structure of polynucleotide chain, Packaging of DNA helix.
- The search for genetic material: The genetic material is DNA, Properties of genetic material.
- RNA world.
- Replication: The experimental proof, the machinery, and enzymes.
- Transcription: The transcription unit, Transcription unit and the gene, Types of RNA and the process of transcription.
- Genetic code: Mutations and genetic code, t RNA. Translation. Regulation of gene expression.
- The Lac Operon.
CHAPTER 7 EVOLUTION
Evolution biology is the study of history of life forms on earth.This chapter deals with the origin of life and the evolution of life forms or biodiversity on planet earth in the context of evolution of earth and against the background of evolution of universe itself. Diagrams, illustrations, flowcharts, and easy language makes this chapter comprehensive and easy to learn. Moreover, the sequential progress of the topics helps us retain and grasp better.
CHAPTER 8 Health and Diseases
The following chapter covers the following topics-
1.common diseases in human
2.immunity
3. AIDS
4. Cancer
5. Drugs and alcohol abuse
CHAPTER 9 Strategies for food enhancement in food production
The chapter basically revolves around animal husbandry and plant breeding that has the key role in the food industry.Several new techniques like embryo transfer technology and tissue culture techniques are discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare
CHAPTER 11 BIOTECHNMicrobes are also known as micro-organisms or microscopic organisms as they are only seen under the microscope. They are tiny living creatures, invisible to the naked eye and are present all around us, in air, water, and everywhere. They performed a key role in the evolution of the planet earth. Few microbes cause severe infections and disease that even result in death and others are the beneficial ones and harmless to our Microbes causing diseases are called pathogens. Influenza, tuberculosis, polio, cholera, HIV are some of the best examples of disease which are caused by these microbes.
CHAPTER 11 BIOTECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
The european federation of biotechnology defined the term biotechnology as” the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogs for products and services”. This chapter not only deals in depth study of principles and but also processes involved in biotechnology.
Among many techniques, modern biotechnology is the result of the following two core techniques. They are-
- Genetic engineering
- Manufacturing of Antibiotics, Drugs and other Vaccines
CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
Students will learn that how much human beings have used biotechnology to improve the quality of human life, especially in the field of food production and health. Biotechnology has given the humans several useful products by using microbes, plants, animals, and their machinery.
CHAPTER 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
In this chapter, students will explore ecology at organismic and population level. This chapter deals with the topics such as organisms and its environment, major abiotic factors affecting the organisms and its environment such as temperature, water, light, soil, responses to abiotic factors such as regulation , conformation, migration and suspension.
CHAPTER 14 ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem is visualized as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.In this chapter student will learn about structure of ecosystem,in order to appreciate the input (productivity), transfer of energy (food chain) and the output.
CHAPTER 15 Biodiversity and its Conservation
In this chapter students learns about the importance and significance of biodiversity, its types, patterns, evolution, degradation, and conservation.
Genetic diversity, species diversity, latitudinal gradients, species area relationship, causes of biodiversity losses, in-situation conservation and ex-situation conservation are few topics covered in this chapter.
CHAPTER 16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
This chapter explains the problems that are posing a threat to the ecological balance in nature such as pollution, global warming, deforestation, etc. and measures which must be taken to control such kind of pollution. This chapter also covers the effects of pollution on the human life and how it is affecting the peoples day to day life.
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